Heart Attack Risk Factors Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Questions: 1.State when a temperature Measurement is Considered not within normal range, and what are the Indicators from the case study that Tony may have a temperature above normal range 2.Define systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Measurement, and what are the indicators from the case study that Tony may have a blood pressure above normal range? 3.Based on Tonys Current lifestyle, what are the 2 modifiable Risk Factors? Answers: Introduction According to the Australia Department of Health, the leading cause of death is the cardiovascular disease. The number of citizens in Australia living with the burden is increasing daily due to aging and improved standards of medical care which enable the affected live longer with the disease(Australian Government , 2016). 1.Body temperature is a measure of the bodys ability of generating and getting rid of heat. The body has the capacity of regulating its temperature within a conducive range for the body organs to work effectively, even when the temperature of our surrounding changes. However, the body temperature for normal human beings is in the range of 37 degrees Celsius but a deviation of more or less than 0.6 degree Celsius is allowed and still considered normal(University of Rochester Medical Center, n.d). From the case study, Tonys temperature reading of 37.9 degrees Celsius indicates that his body temperature was above the normal range of 37 degrees. Tonys temperature even surpassed the allowed deviation of more or less by 0.6degrees Celsius. 2.Systolic blood pressure measurement is the type of measurement in which the pressure of the human heart is measured while the heart contracts. Systolic measures the pressure that is exerted by the pumping action of the heart on the aorta and the walls of the arteries when pumping blood. Diastolic blood pressure measurement refers to the measurement of the blood pressure the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries when the heart relaxes between the heart beats. More attention is normally given to systolic blood pressure increases due to the common incidences of cardiovascular disease(Jennifer Dempsey, 2009). Elevated systolic blood pressure is used to diagnose high blood pressure. From the case study, Tonys age coupled with the high heart rate which should be at 60bpm but his heart rate is 90bpm is an indicator of mild case of high blood pressure (hypertension) stage one. Normal blood pressure should be 120/80 mmHg with a deviation of more or less than 20. From calculations Tonys blood pressure is at 145/78mmHg where the first number is systolic and the second diastolic rate. 3.Risk factors refers to the conditions which expose you to the potentiality of developing a heart condition. Even though cardiovascular diseases is a leading killer of many Australians today, the more we understand the risks associated with the development of the disease enables us understand how to avoid developing the disease(Heart Foundation, n.d). Certain risk factors such as ethnic background, age, family history and gender cannot be changed, others such as smoking and depression and isolation can be changed. From the case study, there are two modifiable risk factor that tony can is exposing himself to. Tony has been eating unhealthy food. As witnessed from the case study, Tony does not take time to cook his own food but prefers buying take away deep fried food which is unhealthy. Tony should take time and prepare proper meals which consist of balanced diet. In conclusion, there is no single cause of heart disease but a lot of factors increases the chances of you developing the disease. However, the best way of identifying these risk factors is to see a health practitioner. References Australian Government . (2016, July 25). Cardiovascular Disease. Retrieved from The Department of Health: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/chronic-cardio#ris Heart Foundation. (n.d). Heart attack risk factors. Retrieved from Heart Foundation: https://heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/know-your-risks/heart-attack-risk-factors Jennifer Dempsey, S. H. (2009). Fundamentals of Nursing and Midwifery: A Person-Centred Approach to Care - Australian and New Zealand Edition. Melbourne: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Pty, Limited. University of Rochester Medical Center. (n.d). Retrieved from Health Encyclopaedia: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85ContentID=P00866

Examining the Constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase free essay sample

These differences of opinion over the interpretation came into play when Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase with France. Jefferson was a staunch Federalist who believed in applying the words of the Constitution verbatim. However, Jefferson would later justify a broader interpretation of the Constitution based on the argument that the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase would solidify the safety, security, and unity of the young United States. Spain had a contract with the young United States that they would share use of this major port for both imports and exports.Theatrical states, Americans much preferred Louisiana in the weaker and more benign Spanish hands. (Theatrical 297). However, Spain sold this territory to France. As a result, the United States lost access to a major trade route and citizens lost their businesses and goods. Jefferson recognized that the port of New Orleans was vital for the United States economic success and power. France was going to use the land to form a sugar empire. We will write a custom essay sample on Examining the Constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having access to the Mississippi River would give France an advantage over the United States and other countries.Harris explains, V/hen Jefferson heard moors of Napoleonones secret deal, he immediately saw the threat to Americas Western settlements and its vital outlet to the Gulf of Mexico (Harris). The Louisiana territory would also provide France with a geographical advantage over the United States should any tensions occur in the future. Theatrical states, Federalists could explain their strident view in protecting the West as an outgrowth of their strong defense policies (Theatrical 304). Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase would also ease current tensions between France and the United States, preventing a possible war.Jefferson also supported his decision in buying the Louisiana Purchase on the basis that it would provide additional land for the United States. This land could be used for western expansion as the population of the young country continued to increase. Thomas Paine was one Of the main politicians who voiced concern over the religious differences between the populations of the current United States and those that would inhabit the new territory. It was a problem of national unity. He was concerned over how the united States would add those who already resided in the territory. These inhabitants had gone through a transfer of power and control from Spain, France, and now the United States. The religions worshiped by these inhabitants were based on the prior countries that held control. Paine was very concerned by this because the territory had a large population of Catholics, whereas the majority of the united States was Protestant. These inhabitants had also been in control based on rulers based on divine right. Paine was concerned with how the newest citizens of the United Stated would accept the Constitution, based on a separation between church and state.Despite these concerns, Paine did acknowledge that assimilation would be successful, but it would take time. The Louisiana Purchase marked the beginning of a debate over interpretation of the Constitution that still goes on today. Jefferson himself argued that a president could step outside the Constitution but only with the knowledge and consent of the people for whose benefit the Constitution was framed and adopted (Bernstein). While not directly stated, Jefferson actions could be supported by a broad interpretation of the tenth amendment.The tenth amendment states, The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people (National Archives). This amendment justifies the acceptance of Louisiana as a state within the United States. It also addresses the rights of the people residing within Louisiana as citizens. The tenth amendment provides a solution over the concerns of Thomas Paine. Jefferson actions prevented possible conflict between the United States and France, using executive powers to ensure the safety, security, and unity of the united States.

Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt

Introduction People relocate to new residences with the intent of attaining diverse goals. Evidently, such persons may relocate within their countries or cross their nation’s boundaries. Diverse repercussions often exemplify the livelihoods of citizenry who relocate to a novel environment as illustrated in the paper. It is imperative to acknowledge that Immigration connotes people’s relocation to diverse nations with the intent of enhancing their livelihoods. Interestingly, immigrants may move willingly or relocate since the situation in their countries may be dire.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, professional immigrants engage in work processes after their willful relocation. Additionally, immigrants who reposition regularly often become refugees i n the novel nations. Emigration connotes abandoning one’s own nation of birth thus moving to another country. This rearrangement assumes a permanent dimension thus depriving the origin nations, the necessary expertise that can spur progress. Migration connotes the movement of a person from their entity of origin or part of a nation to another with the intent of engaging in diverse activities. Concurrently, migration focuses on temporary change of residence. It is remarkable that these movements culminate in diverse benefits and drawbacks to a nation or her citizens. This paper investigates the effects of these movements on religion, women, and minority entities in Egypt Overview of Migration, Immigration, and Emigration in Egypt Apparently, shifts in locations by individuals in Egypt have been evident for decades. It emerges that emigration rates continue to escalate as evident in the last four decades. Initially, legal restrictions controlled rates of emigration to curb magn animous numbers of professionals who preferred Western countries. Egypt’s adoption of her 1971 constitution, spiraling fuel prices, and augmenting requirements for the migrant workforce elicited monumental emigration from Egypt (Sika, 2010). It is notable that most emigrants still head to Western countries. Sources establish that migration to Europe is increasing. However, this process culminates in an unbalanced nature of migrants. It is evident that Egypt hosts massive numbers of migrant workforce. Similarly, the country amasses huge proportions of immigrant registered as displaced and asylum seekers from diverse countries. Interestingly, the refugees house Palestinians uprooted from their habitats during the 1948 hostilities (Sika, 2010). Further, refugees dominating Egypt emanate from â€Å"Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Eritrea† (UNFPA, 2011). It is also outstanding to mention that emigration to Europe is attributable to gender equity and elevated skill levels aris ing from professionals.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, relocation to Arab countries encompassed massive proportions of males with minimal training and diminished skill levels thus seeking employment (Sika, 2010). Likewise, the proliferating immigrants hardly obtain opportunities to add value to Egypt’s progress because of their dire situation. Gender equilibrium among immigrants appears inclined on women, youngsters, and the old. This emanates from the notion that, men and young boys participate in the hostile tendencies. The diverse models of movements generate concerns as regards to religion, women, and minorities in Egypt (UNFPA, 2011). Certain movements appear to escalate because of conflicts, which result from doctrine aggressions. It is evident that movements into and outside Egypt present diverse challenges to women together with minority groups (Sika, 2010). Impact of Religion in Egypt Evidently, Egyptians have historically followed Islamic decrees at expansive lengths. This has led to the sustainable peace in Egypt. Migration occurred due to the search for employment in other countries. This has persisted over decades leading to the social revolt. This calls for initiation of employment opportunities (Christian Today, 2011). The revolt facilitated President’s Mubarak defeat and subsequent ousting from power. Prior to Mubarak’s defeat, slight religious conflicts continued silently. The vacuum led to open religious inconsistencies, which competed to fill the emptiness. Muslim Brotherhood’s together with Salifists battle for supremacy thus the need to gain power. This necessitated attacks on the Christian minority groups (Mnnonline, 2011). Muslims engage Christians in conflicts because they appear unhappy with Christian followers. It emerges that religion contribute to present conflicts in Egypt thus nec essitating migration. Egypt Ethic Make up and Christian Minorities Magnanimous proportions of Egypt’s population include Eastern Hamatic tribal groups. They comprise of native Egyptians, Berbers together with Bedouins (MacDonald, Marshall Cavendish Corporation Paren et al., 2000). Apparently, this group contains tribes emanating from interactions of native Egyptians with diverse groups from Africa and other regions. Remaining population component contains minorities including Greeks, Europeans, and Nubians (MacDonald et al., 2000). The Nubians appear to have integrated within the Egyptian Arabs eventually adopting their culture. Nevertheless, certain minor groups within the Nubians still practice their indigenous Nubian cultures. Arabs entering marriages with other visitors declined immensely tensioning cultural interaction. The diverse religious groups also display certain differences. Muslims form the utmost component of Egypt population with Christians only accounting for at least ten percent of inclusive population. All Muslims hold to the Sunni decrees thus enabling their continued loyalty to Islam (MacDonald et al., 2000). Migration has contributed to expansive interaction thus augmenting the minority populations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Muslims expansively engage Christian minorities in confrontations, which eventually necessitate migration. Muslim mobs execute attacks on the minority Christians by torching churches. It appears the violence advanced by Muslims escalated after social defeat of President Mubarak (Mnnonline, 2011). Muslims declared hostility on the Christians who converted their faith diverting from Islam. Reports show magnanimous Muslim population will continue their interest to terminate the lives of most Chri stians. This religious hostility appears to emanate from the Muslim Brotherhood’s notion of seeking power under the novel Egypt (Christian Today, 2011). Similarly, Salafists religious group also battles to gain control of Egypt. The warring factions present potentially inconceivable pressure on minority Christians. This has necessitated huge flows of Christians from Egypt to seek protection (Mnnonline, 2011). Societal Issues Migration affects women and young girls confronted with the challenges, which emanate from such occurrences. Monumental numbers of women regularly involved in these movements exude reproduction abilities (UNFPA, 2011). They confront challenges such as raising their youngsters in an unfamiliar environment, which avails little amenities necessary for reproduction. Most women emigrants also face hardship while working, in various sectors to attain income. The less skilled of them also appear to work under dehumanizing environment, which affects them psycholo gically. Further, trafficking of women and young girls also affects them negatively (UNFPA, 2011). They regularly end up suffering because of the activities their hosts engage them into executing. In most instances, women suffer diverse abuses including physical, sexual, and emotional. Traffickers force women into drugs, arranged transgressions, prostitution, tourism marriages, child sex, and unpaid wages (UNFPA, 2011). It is worth commenting that immigrant young women also forfeit schooling due to their refugee status. Furthermore, many women fail to attain their dreams and potentially successful ones never realize their potential. Underage women regularly confront enormous challenges, which apparently may cease by attaining autonomy. Immigrants into Egypt have advanced globalization in diverse ways. It is notable that the European expatriates offer diverse knowledge thus facilitating Egypt’s progress. Further, their investments within Egypt address unemployment concerns, wh ich plague Egypt.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Diverse job openings are manifest, thus allowing skilled and knowledgeable Egyptians to attain employment thus enhancing livelihoods. Cultural interactions observed amid Arabs and exotic groups have apparently led to the establishment of generations (MacDonald et al., 2000). Intermarriages between Egyptians and diverse groups facilitate unity among races. It is outstanding to comment that immigration has elevated the Christianity following in Egypt. Though still the marginal, Christianity appears to escalate as magnanimous populations switch from Islam. In deed, this progress angers Muslim Brotherhood since they have noted the pace at which Christian religion spreads in Egypt. Similarly, migration integrates fiscal marketplaces thus massive population attains satisfaction through accessing diverse items, which are exotic to their regions. Societies emerge as greater beneficiaries because of migration incidences. Notably, migration culminates in diverse economic benefits to Egyptâ₠¬â„¢s economy. These originate from the remittances made by citizens residing in other regions. Sources indicate that the funds sent home escalates Egypt’s economic stability (Sika, 2010). It is outstanding to reiterate that professionals migrating to other countries often give rise to brain drain. This reduces the pace of Egypt’s development because of diminished expertise and human resource. Government spending on refugees also appears to increase (Sika, 2010). This results from the augmenting population of immigrants needing government attention. Conclusion In summary, Egypt has experiences assorted consequences of migration. Emigration has escalated the remittances gained from citizens residing overseas. Further, emigration has culminated in augmented suffering amid Egyptian citizens working in the Gulf nations. Immigration has generated increased population of refugees, which necessitates government commitment with the intent of sustaining their existence. It has also resulted to women and young girls facing exploitation by traffickers. Religion and its related inconsistencies appear to have affected the present conflicts. Minority Christians remain the most affected by warring Muslim Brotherhood seeking to fill the leadership vacuum. This was created after President Mubarak’s removal from control. References Christian Today. (2011). Bishop and Baroness Warn of Rising Violence against Christians in Egypt. Maars News. Web. MacDonald, F. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Paren, E. Shillington, K. et al (2000).  Peoples of Africa, Volume 10. New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish. Mnnonline. (2011). U. S. Religious Freedom Head Silent on Egypt. Maars News. Web. Sika, N. (2010). Highly Skilled Migration Patterns and Development: The Case of Egypt. Web. UNFPA. (2011). Migration: Egypt. Web. This research paper on Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in Egypt was written and submitted by user Julieta Dudley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

John Mills onLiberity essays

John Mills onLiberity essays The fear that Mill expresses in On liberty about public opinion is communicated with three major ideas: individualism, liberty, and human nature. Public opinion has the ability of removing each one of these ideas from a democratic society, allowing for change that creates an environment that is unstable to new discoveries and ideas that are vital for evolution. This problem is deemed irrelevant by todays democratic society. However the truth of the matter is that the threat of public opinion is still as great as it was when Mill wrote On liberty. Mill is timid of public opinion for one main reason: that public opinion causes loss of individuality in society. To understand this in its entirety, one person must first understand Mills logic behind this fear. Public opinion causes people to make the same decisions which others have already have made. This choice of following the same path is unconscious, due to the fact that pubic opinion is deeply imbedded in the truths that society hold; such as education. Every extension of education promotes it (public opinion), because education brings people under common influences, and gives them access to the general stock of facts and sentiments (98). In essence, a person believes that he is making a choice when embracing the same opinion as others. However, in reality, individuals have no reassurance that education itself has not given people the same opinion. By having public opinion, no true reasoning is involved, but just accepting of facts. This lack of individual input the down fall of a society in Mills opinion, If the grounds of an opinion are not conclusive to a persons own reason, his reason cannot be strengthened, but is likely to be weakened, by his adopting it: and if the inducements to an act are not such as are conclusiveness to his own feeling and character it is so much done towards rendering his feeling and cha ...

Differentiated Instruction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Differentiated Instruction - Research Paper Example This research aims to evaluate and present differentiated learning that has been approved as the most suitable way of acquiring new knowledge effectively by all irrespective of intellectual ability or power. In differentiated learning or instructions, students or pupils are placed at center of learning or learning institution. Each learner has the right to obtain knowledge. Furthermore, learner should be entitled to learning processes that adequately or effectively address their learning needs. This is the only way to ensure that quality of education improves and knowledge is effectively acquired by all learners and appropriately implemented. There are different types of students in the learning arena and each have a unique learning need. However, the learning process has to adequately and effectively address needs of all learners. Furthermore, learners have different academic skill development and instruction avocations. This requires a unique and universal approach hence address al l the needs of each student irrespective of their nature. This can only be adequately addressed by differentiated learning or instructions. This is because the learning process is flexible and easily incorporates learning processes that are easily adaptable by all learners. Generally, differentiated learning is considered the best method of acquisition of new knowledge or learning because it attempts qualitative learning rather than quantitative learning. This is because the learning process aims at provision of knowledge to learners through the ways or methods that best suits them. This ensures that learners acquire appropriate knowledge and according to their abilities. The process involves use of group work, individual study methods, instructions or experiments. This enables the learners to blend their learning abilities with the best methods that suit their abilities or the methods that they ca effectively use to acquire knowledge. The process also enable teachers to effectively analyze their students and determine the most appropriate learning process that suit their learning needs and hence provide knowledge to them appropriately. The process also allows a teacher to effectively assess the learners and determine their learning abilities (Heacox, 2002, p 68). Differentiated instruction or learning is viewed as an educational philosophy and a proactive approach to learning. The practice also has numerous practitioners due to its nature. Differentiated instruction or learning basically applies principle of quality knowledge provision to the students. Furthermore, it requires

School Uniforms for American Public Schools Essay

School Uniforms for American Public Schools - Essay Example Wearing of school uniforms is essential as it enhances discipline among students. It is ironic that parents and the society at large depends on the teachers to instill discipline in their children but they do very little to support teachers, who are sometimes overwhelmed by the large number of students constantly demanding their attention (Hamilton 31). Parents in this context have continued to neglect their role to discipline their children whereby they allow them unrestricted freedom outside school hours and weekends, which allows them the opportunity to pick up bad habits from their peers, such as smoking, drug and alcohol abuse among others. Wearing a school uniform changes the mentality of students in terms of misconduct as it draws the line between school life and civilian life. It puts a sense of responsibility to the students by acting as a constant reminder of the nature of environment they are in, which is official and businesslike in nature. In general, the uniform, being unique for every school, identifies students among huge crowds and it therefore makes it easy to know and track which students of which school are involved in misbehavior (Hamilton 38). Assuming you have two students, one wearing a uniform and the other in civilian clothes, it is only evident that the uniformed student may be denied access to prohibited areas for minors such as bars and they would indeed attract a lot of attention from the public if they are noted as trying to solicit for such pleasures during time which they should be in school. The civilian dressed student on the other hand may walk from school and back without necessarily attracting any attention from the public and as such, parents... Parents in this context have continued to neglect their role to discipline their children whereby they allow them unrestricted freedom outside school hours and weekends, which allows them the opportunity to pick up bad habits from their peers, such as smoking, drug and alcohol abuse among others. Wearing a school uniform changes the mentality of students in terms of misconduct as it draws the line between school life and civilian life. It puts a sense of responsibility to the students by acting as a constant reminder of the nature of environment they are in, which is official and businesslike in nature. In general, the uniform, being unique for every school, identifies students among huge crowds and it therefore makes it easy to know and track which students of which school are involved in misbehavior (Hamilton 38). Assuming you have two students, one wearing a uniform and the other in civilian clothes, it is only evident that the uniformed student may be denied access to prohibited areas for minors such as bars and they would indeed attract a lot of attention from the public if they are noted as trying to solicit for such pleasures during time which they should be in school. The civilian dressed student on the other hand may walk from school and back without necessarily attracting any attention from the public and as such, parents of such students may continue to be at a loss on their children’s daily activities, which may include high levels of truancy. Every parent takes his child to school with the hope.

Ideological Messages Behind Barbara Krugers Work Art Essay

Ideological Messages Behind Barbara Krugers Work Art Essay Even though some may challenge the ideological messages behind Barbara Krugers work in the 1980s, it brought about a change in society. She criticizes everything that is wrong with the stereotypical society using a conceptual approach to her artwork. Kruger challenges gender, sex, religion, consumerism, greed, power and her work becomes fueled by the mass media. Kruger was born in 1945 in Newark, New Jersey. In 1964, she studied at the School of Visual Arts at Syracuse University. After a year at Syracuse, she went to the Parsons School of Design in New York and studied graphic design. After a year at Parsons, she received an entry level position at Mademoiselle Magazine in New York. She was soon promoted to head designer at the magazine. By working for a magazine, she was able see how words and photos can have a certain power to consumers. She became familiarized with these concepts of graphic design and started applying them to her artwork. During the late 1970s she started off using her own photography as the medium for her work as a female artist. In the 1980s she developed a different approach to her work by integrating images and text. According to Steven Heller, Krugers method was influenced by reductive Modernist graphic design, the kind that began somewhat idealistically but has dominated corporate identity during the postwar years, as well as the so-called Big Idea or Creative Revolution advertising style of the sixties, known for clever slogans and ironic single images (Heller 112). In other words, Krugers artwork can grab your attention just as easily as an advertisement driven by Krugers artwork is considered postmodern. Postmodernism is an art movement that came about after modernism during the late 20th century. For Kruger, as well as many contemporary theorists, postmodernism is not a style of succeeding the dissolution of modernism but rather a historical condition, marked by new philosophical relations. It signals a rupture with the notion of sovereignty and individuality inherited from the Enlightenment (Linker 12). Postmodernism shaped Krugers work by her use of space, text and photos she uses from other sources of the media which shows her individually as a female artist. Her use of words and pictures convey a deeper meaning. Her artwork shows the viewer how fast people label others in society. The work shows how another persons view can impact society as a whole by letting the hierarchy in society manifest our culture. Barbara went beyond this to get a reaction from society by raising this social awareness in her art. Through her works she expresses gender, sexuality and other stereotypical issues that are developed within a mainstream culture. Some may argue that her work disrupts the space or environment in which it is displayed. In the article Jam Life into Death, Ana Balona de Olivera talks about how Kruger uses the explicit artistic violence of disruption in order to raise awareness of hidden social violence (Balona de Olivera 752). I do not agree that her artwork is violent or disruptive in relation to the space itself. In our vast world we see large advertised displays all around us. There is more violence viewed on television and in the news than viewed in a public setting. I believe her work is more about the message than the actual disruption of the space it occupies. She makes us stop and wonder what we are looking at and relays a message that is not spoon fed to us. When viewing her work, we are challenged to see the actual message behind the work. She tries to communicate messages that she feels are beneficial to society or ironic in nature. The images she chooses may or may not have anything to do with the text on top of the images. Kruger says, As long as pictures remain powerful, living conventions within culture, Ill continue to use them and turn them around (Squiers 148). Kruger knew that by using images in the mass media that they would capture the attention of the public eye. People associate certain images with certain meanings. To take these images out of context and place them with a different narrative can make people wonder if there is a true meaning behind an image or is it just what the media/society perceives it to be. Kruger uses black and white images that she has come across in magazines, advertisements and other media. She uses these images that arent her own but started to weave them with text to make them her own, which is called appropriation. Krugers work will be necessary to a visual representation for the 1980s, her influence now permeates all the forms of media culture that she appropriated (Garrard 263). Her juxtaposed images shaped how people view society. In Michael Foucaults thesis What is an Author A Lecture; he states, The modes of circulation, valorization, attribution and appropriation of discourses vary with each culture and are modified within each (Foucault 952). Krugers works are a reflection of corporate consumerism and are viewed daily by many people. As a consumer, it is evident that we are buying into corporate America and there is no sign telling us it happens all the time. Sometimes images we see stay with us and we can recognize them later in life. Through repetition and recognition of certaim images we see how they can that impact our social culture. Other images we see may have little or not impact on our lives. Working as a graphic designer, Kruger was aware of how certain images sell to a grand audience. In graphic design, the font you use depends on the message you are trying to convey in the advertisement. The font that Barbara uses is called Future Bold Italic. I appreciate the fact that Kruger uses the same font in every piece so the viewer cant convey a certain feeling or mood attributed with it, she lets the words do the talking. Even though her images are collaged, they possess a very graphic quality to them. Kruger uses the color red behind the text to invoke a range of feelings by the viewer. The color red can make people feel angry, loving, warm or powerful. Her color choices are something you would see in a newspaper or for marketing a brand like Coca-Cola during the 1980s. Again, her graphic design abilities came into play. By using these colors she could gravitate peoples attention to her work. These colors seem to resemble Russian constructivism but I do not think she was influenced by the art produced during that time. Kruger chooses larger than life public displays. She uses billboards, bus stops, posters and other remote areas. She also incorporates her work inside local settings. Her work is viewed in galleries, museums, and storefronts. Her artwork has also appeared in Rage Against the Machine videos and album covers. She is very flexible in the size of her work. She has worked as large as a 14 x 48 foot billboard or as small as a print on a coffee cup. She knows that if she displays these messages on a large scale that she could sell it on a smaller scale to consumers. Krugers artwork is sold as a commodity on T-shirts, postcards, bags and other paraphernalia. What better way to convey a message such as Dont be a Jerk then on your coffee cup. Kruger sets a discourse for other feminine artwork done in the 1970s. Kruger, like others, has voiced her concern not to illustrate theory; nevertheless, crucial notions that circulated within theory about the relations among sexuality, meaning and language found their way into these artists works (Linker 60). Krugers work represents typical feminine stereotypes as well as other stereotypical issues that existed during the 1980s. During the 1980s men were the ones fighting in the war in Iraq, while the women tended to the home. Though women had more rights than ever before in history, men and women still played independent roles in society. It wasnt until the 1990s that women began moving up the corporate ladder into a higher social status. Krugers image Untitled (Your body is a battleground) 1989 speaks for womens rights (figure 1). It is a photographic silkscreen on vinyl and is approximately 112112 inches. It is a vintage photograph of a woman who looks like a stereotypical housewife. The words Your body is a battleground lay across the image inside a red box. The woman in the photograph has a remarkably intent gaze. She also has subtle features and her face is split symmetrically revealing two different looking images. One side of her face is black and white where you are able to recognize her visual features. The other side of her face is reversed black and white. The features become mechanical and not easily recognizable. We are looking at the same women with two extremely different sides to her. It looks like she has a good side and bad side to her. One can note, on the other hand, the ideology of the spectacle as authorized by the dominant order, in which one part of society represents itself to the other, reinf orcing domination (Linker 61). The text relates to the struggles women have had about how they are portrayed in the media. This photo relates to how women may not feel human all the time in a male-dominated society. During the 1980s women were fighting for their own reproductive rights. They were preserving the womans right of choice to have an abortion against the pro-life movement. Kruger allowed a campaign by the Pro-Choice Public Education Project to adopt her style in a 1998 ad for abortion rights (Dieckmann 172). Kruger took this image to an even larger display for the art world. This image gained public awareness by letting women see that they should take control of their own bodies during this time in history (figure 2). This poster uses Krugers work and places more white text across red strips giving event information and campaigning for womens rights. At the bottom is a black box with white text discussing the Roe v.s. Wade verdict on abortion. By agreeing to let herself be copied for a cause, Kruger displayed yet another of her facets- call it Barbara Kruger, Anti-Author (Dieckmann 172). In other words Kruger has set out to take authorship away from this piece by letting her work spea k for a cause. The image was speaking for women and womens rights. The essay What is an Author A Lecture by Michael Foucault calls for the death of the author. He states, The author is the principle thrift in the proliferation of meaning; We must reverse the traditional idea of the author (Foucault 952). It is almost as if she let society appropriate her own work just as she was borrowing work from other media sources. Another example of Krugers work is Untitled, made in 1987 (figure 2). The image was placed on a billboard for the University of Art MATRIX program. It shows a girl impressively admiring a boy who is flexing his arm. The text reads We dont need another hero near the bottom of the piece. The word We suggests women. The text is white in a red strip extending all the way across the image. The photograph is also outlined in red. The text in this image may be in reference to a song written by Tina Turner in the late 1980s. The lyrics talk about children that are living in fear because they realize there is no such thing as a hero that will come and save them. The black and white photograph is reminiscent of Dick and Jane artwork done in the 1950s. Dick and Jane images are easily recognizable and are sold as a commodity; which may be why she chose to use this image. Kruger may also be trying to raise the roles of gender at an extremely young age. We shouldnt think of a boy being able to protect a girl at such a young age. Its enough to say when we are born, our roles in society are predetermined. As girls, we play with Barbie Dolls and we grew up being taught how to be gentle and loving as she is. Boys are taught to be aggressive and tough as their war figures and plastic weapons are made for fighting. Today Krugers work graces the cover of a consumer driven male-society. Although W magazine showcased many artist, Krugers work Untitled 2010 appeared on the cover of W magazine (figure 3). Krugers work included Kim Kardashians naked body with text reading Its all about you, I mean me, I mean you placed across parts of her body. The text across the image is broken into three sections: One section lays across her breast saying, Its all about me. This text implies that she is a reality superstar and is the perfect example of beauty. The second text lays across her midsection stating, I mean you. The text implies that women are trying to become this perfect women that they may see in a magazine. The third text is laying across her genital area and states, I mean me. The text implies that it was never about you it was all about her. Using Krugers powerful words leads us to obtain more information about why Kim Kardashian was used on the cover. Kruger has not talked about the work in detail or her intent. Kim Kardashian is using her sexuality to gain notoriety in the public eye. Barbara Krugers older work would fight against any imagery like this. Indeed, Krugers art is invariably directed at the manner in which visual mastery becomes aligned with difference or, more pointedly, at the way in which representations position women as objects of the male gaze (Linker 61). I believe Kruger is trying to deal with the issue of womens sexuality. I think she is realizing that sex sells in this new generation. Kruger challenges how celebrities are portrayed by the media though she may be condemned for doing so. Kruger is teasing the male audience by not putting her whole body on display. The play on words cover up any sexual connotations. Kim Kardashians body appears to be made plastic or airbrushed but none the less perfect. In the essay From Visual Pleasure Narrative Cinema Laura Mulvey states, Women, then, stands in patriarchal culture as a signifier for the male other, bound by a symbolic order in which man can live out his fantasies through linguistic command by imposing them on women still tied to her place as bearer of meaning, not maker of meaning (Mulvey 983). This is true in that past artwork depicted women as sensual objects and their bodies were put on display for the male viewer. A major source of pleasure for the viewer is scopophilia. Mulvey states, The cinema offers a number of possible pleasures: one is scopophilia [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] which is also described by Freud, in Mulveys article as Taking people as objects, subjecting them to a controlling and curious gaze.(Mulvey 984). I think women are portrayed in the media as objects of attraction. If you look at the front cover of a magazine it always has a women staring at the viewer. Also there is some sexual aspect of her body becomes a secondary focal point. Though some of these magazines may be reproduced for women, men also get a visual pleasure from looking at them. As a woman, if I were to use this image and put it on my fridge to look at everyday, I would have to admit that I could never be this person. But many women believe that this is reality because they believe in order to gain a mans attention your body has to look like a women in a magazine. Kim Kardashians body image is a false reality fueled by the mass media. In conclusion, Krugers work is similarly fueled by the mass media. Using re-occurring ideological messages to communicate her ideas the themes of gender, sex, consumerism, greed and power, she criticizes everything that she feels is wrong with the society we live in and uses larger than life images to get her message across to mass populations.